Determinantes conductuales del consumo de frutas y verduras en escolares. Una perspectiva
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32870/jbf.v4i7.53Palabras clave:
comportamiento alimentario, educación alimentaria y nutricional, alimentación saludable, determinantes de la salud.Resumen
El bajo consumo de frutas y de verduras es una preocupación mundial. Varios estudios han realizado intervenciones conductuales para mejorarlo. A su vez, de acuerdo con el modelo de determinantes de la salud, las conductas son consideradas determinantes intermedios, debido a que su expresión incide sobre la prevención o aparición de enfermedades. La importancia de estos determinantes justificó la realización de un análisis de perspectiva acerca de un conjunto de conductas que pueden favorecer el consumo de frutas y verduras en escolares. En este análisis, se identificaron como determinantes conductuales: conductas que corresponden al individuo, tales como cocinar, cultivar o sembrar alimentos, realizar actividad física; y conductas que dependen del entorno, tales como algunas prácticas de los padres o cuidadores al ofrecer alimentos a los escolares, la práctica de la lactancia materna y la selección de alimentos en el restaurante escolar. Dentro de los resultados cabe resaltar algunos elementos que pudieron incidir en el éxito de intervenciones que usaron determinantes conductuales para incrementar la ingesta de frutas y verduras: todas las investigaciones que incluyeron actividad física más educación alimentaria y nutricional lograron incrementos en la ingesta de frutas y verduras de los escolares. Las estrategias de comportamiento planificado pueden ser más efectivas cuando estas son planeadas y ejecutadas directamente por los escolares; la lactancia materna favorece la ingesta de verduras y frutas durante la infancia; la exposición repetida de alimentos puede favorecer la preferencia hacia los alimentos presentados, pero no necesariamente su ingesta. Un aspecto crucial a tener en cuenta es el número de exposiciones. Las actividades de siembra y jardinería pueden ser más efectivas si se acompañan de actividades de educación alimentaria y nutricional. Son necesarias más investigaciones que amplíen la información sobre el uso de estos determinantes para modificar la conducta alimentaria.
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