Antibodies beyond defense against microorganisms: an emerging role in the regulation of metabolism and eating behavior

Abstract

In the last decade, research has evidenced a close relationship between immune and neuroendocrine systems in the regulation of metabolism and feeding behavior. This occurs by the production of low-affinity antibodies directed to appetite regulating hormones, such as leptin and ghrelin. It has been postulated that these antibodies play a physiologic role in healthy individuals, however, alterations in their productions and/or affinity have been detected in feeding-related pathologies, including anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Furthermore, multiple aspects related to the origin, modulation and function of these antibodies remain unclear. Therefore, in the present perspective article, we present the emerging evidence about antibodies against appetite regulating hormones, its emerging role in regulation of metabolism both in contexts of health and disease, as well as in feeding behavior regulation. A special emphasis to anti-leptin and anti-ghrelin antibodies is made and we provide perspectives about this fascinating research area. Understanding the molecular and immunological mechanisms implicated in metabolism and feeding behavior regulation is relevant, since these antibodies may be implicated in the physiopathology and the potential treatment of highly prevalent diseases, such as obesity, cardiovascular diseases and T2D.